In recent years, globalization has aroused wide attention at home and abroad. The so-called countries in the world to mutual ties to expand and deepen the growing influence of the process; narrow especially the globalization of the 20th century, 70 years since the third industrial revolution technology, especially in the West 80's neo-liberal policies in general practice, the world the integration of economic and political relations trends. taking into account the globalization need people to make prudent choices and answers. and Marx's historical materialism, in particular, its history eliminate the division of labor between the different ethnic groups the more thorough, more history will become the world's history. experience exists. become a world-historic facts. ; history of the historic change to the world, the needs of product sales, driven by capitalist running all over the world. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere. The bourgeoisie, by exploitation of the world market, so that all the country's production and consumption a cosmopolitan. the reactionaries greatly regret that, at the foot of the bourgeoisie dug out the national industrial base. the old national industries were wiped out, and every day are still being destroyed. They are crowding out new industries and new industrial development has become all civilized nations, life and death issues; processing of these industries have not local raw materials, but from very distant regions of the raw materials; their products not only for domestic consumption, but also for worldwide consumption. old and rely on their products to meet the needs to be new, to rely on very distant countries and areas of products to meet the needs of the replaced. In the past the kind of local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, were all of various ethnic groups the mutual exchange and interdependence of all aspects of the replaced. material production is so, the spirit of the production as well. The spirit of national product has become public property. National one-sidedness and limitations becoming impossible, and from numerous national and local literatures, there arises a world literature. people of ethnic separation and antagonism between the increasingly disappear. caused widespread concern and strong. This is the result of various factors was at work. The first is open and competitive commodity circulation, especially in highly developed market economy. Capital is a natural international school. As described by Marx , the running of the capitalists around the world, intense and brutal competition in the market, so that all the country's production and consumption is increasingly becoming global. Second is the rapid development of modern science and technology, popular and widely used. Based on the objective laws of science and technology knowledge is universal. corresponding requirements of the appropriate scientific and technical organization of production, the corresponding knowledge and ways of thinking, resulting in different social economic, cultural and many other aspects of the mutual understanding and close. In recent years, including information and network technology technological revolution, including the greatly changed the way the human production, lifestyles, values and ways of thinking, more so than ever before the whole world together. Once again, modern humans are a series of decisions facing the global human destiny issues such as ecological problems, environmental issues, population issues, energy issues, food issues and radioactive pollution, nuclear threats, gene technology, In addition, transnational actors (such as the United Nations, the Intercontinental NGOs, the World Trade Organization, etc.) appears, in the world fully implement the requirements of human rights, cultural products of transnational communication and other factors, but also to increasing trend of globalization. < br> All this, as the famous German sociologist, Ulrich, Professor, University of Munich. Baker, what happened on our planet have lost the geographical limitations, all found that all the triumphs and disasters are closely linked with the whole world. We must put our lives and actions, our organizations and institutions, in accordance with the global coordinates of the local redirected m, re- Organization. hh money, technology, goods, information, drugs are beyond the national borders. hh globalization refers to the death of distance. People often do not wish to be put, did not understand forms of transnational life. This is beyond the spatial distance the world. reduced to five dimensions or five platters: one race in the world picture of the flow of the second picture of the transnational nature of the technology, third, transcending national and cultural differences of the media picture, the four border currency movements is no picture of the five is global rather than country-specific picture of the ideology of acceptance. This picture of each of the five is a stand-alone world, with the traditional geographical space, territory is no overlap at.
should say The meaning of refers to the interdependence of the world began to have a unified history and influence, but here the main historical events and the basic unit is the independent nation-state; an indivisible unity of the whole society towards economic, political and cultural activities become increasingly transnational direction. which this is the further and higher stage of development. However, it has been recognized that the most important features of our time is globalization . As Ai Tingni. Gilson said: sex, witnessed a major event in our past, the history of all the major events is what distinguishes the global. , p. 51, Shanghai, Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Publishing House, 1995.) However, often neglect the real and shelter. Scholars have pointed out that globalization is a multi-concept, it has many layers. just to understand the literal sense, globalization is not the subject of a fuzzy concept, including the ;, scope to think globalization This process results in the formation, and globalism (globlism) is an idea advocated an ideology.
any case, Marxism today is facing the challenges of the era of globalization, only effective answer to the world age problem, Marxism is possible to obtain a new creative development. Meanwhile, in the analysis, the most important tools. There may wish to select several discussions in the controversial issues of globalization slightly resolved, discussion.
Second, the nature and extent of economic globalization, the first is economic globalization
globalization, including the capital, finance, production, trade globalization. This is more realistic today to discuss the field.
Marx and Engels pointed out that market All countries will inevitably affect the rest what is happening in another country by the impact. establish a wide range of economic links, to all peoples and nations involved in the world economic system.
today's economic globalization, this situation has fundamentally changed? not. in order to achieve the best global resources optimization as the goal of a market economy, breaking the closed self-sufficient economy, resulting in a society open and competitive. As Marx in the market competition, driven by capital possessor running all over the world, everywhere they settle everywhere, establish connexions everywhere hh for domestic consumption, but also for worldwide consumption. situation than Marx and Engels is more typical of the era. to the production, for example, can present a product distributed in a dozen production of dozens of countries or regions, so that each country, region to play its capital, technology, resources labor cost advantages, so that the final product to become enterprises and joint production of 15,000 small businesses, including Xi'an, China, the production of the aircraft tail.
the subsequent emergence of large multinational companies is the main force of economic globalization. According to statistics, currently the world's 44,000 transnational corporations The parent company, with 280,000 worldwide subsidiaries and affiliates, to form a huge global production and marketing system. These multinational companies control more than 30% of world production, control 70% of the world's foreign direct investment, more than 60% of world trade, 70% of the patents and other technology transfer. MNCs to implement global expansion, we must rely on their home country; home country is often rely on political, economic and even military means of paving the way for multinationals to its advocacy of trade, investment, financial liberalization, for multinational companies to enter other countries and regions removing obstacles. Thus, economic globalization is a developed country and regions (mainly Western developed capitalist countries) as the leading to multinational corporations as the main driving force, the worldwide industrial restructuring.
Today, due to economic, technology, modern means of transportation, modern information and communication tools have been closely linked throughout the world together It has the power of radiation around the world, the world today can completely avoid this effect, global market into people's lives.
Marxist critic of contemporary American Arif. Derek after the end of the Cold War written by a summary book, integrated understanding of the world capitalist economy, Marx, the so-called ) society. While the new National Democratic Movement (colonial struggle for independence) that this trend has improved but 70 years since the 20th century, the trend of universalization of capitalism once again been strengthened. its foundation is not only a commodity exchange and The globalization of financial transactions and, more importantly, through a Derrick also noted that the universalization of capitalism is limited. this limit in a strange way shown that the universalization of capitalism, not the geographical center of capitalism. the contemporary development of transnational capitalism, by the development of capitalism around the world create a new starting point, leaving the center of non-capitalist, and it ended up in Europe and America's economic hegemony in the world and the capitalist for the first time out of Eurocentrism.
Ralph. of Lunduo Fu also noted that globalization in the economic and social limits. First of all, not all the world countries are involved in economic globalization, for tax administration, there are some areas of services, some manufacturing sectors, some of the regional economic space, they should get rid of the pressures of globalization. is not the only future economic and social factors important. , Beijing, Central Compilation and Translation Press, 2000.) Habermas also pointed out that the globalization of markets must be made on a special definition of the concept, because there is no all-embracing world market.
the globalization of capitalism the process of tearing the nation-state boundaries, weakening the nation-state's economic sovereignty, and to the development of capitalism as a unit from the country pulled out of the national. The new global economic units (micro-body) is a multinational corporation. It was will form the new world economy is described as the kind of This resulted in the now cosmopolitan localism coexist with the paradox, showing a economic cooperation, such as the EU and ASEAN.
Third, the political and cultural globalization in the process of universalism and particularism
If the process of economic globalization has highlighted the ; the paradox, then, on the terms of the degree has been achieved, or can be expected from the degree of realization of the future look, are far lower than the economic globalization and political globalization and cultural globalization, universalism (universalism) and particularistic (localism) tensions are more prominent.
fact, politics is not only far from globalization, on the contrary, the continuous development of economic globalization at the same time, political ethnocentrism, ethnic separatism, ethnic exclusion doctrine, policy of hegemonic power, the new interventionist action has escalated the war. In the absence of realistic basis and conditions are too advanced to engage in the luxury of political globalization, is likely to be implemented in some developed countries, policies of hegemony and interventionism grand excuse. Dahrendorf is not without concern, said: globalization of culture, Marx pointed out long ago, the era in world history, the nation's spiritual products will become public property of all mankind. But Marx did not negate culture in China, he believes the so-called Many kinds of exist in, and only exists in the culture among the national character. Just imagine, in addition to the culture of various ethnic groups present in the world of culture, as well irrelevant to any nation so-called point for the dialectic, it is very easy to understand. just as we can only find one red, green, yellow, or large, small apples, but impossible to find a economic or military power to force the convergence of other civilizations. In today's world, with the collapse of the colonial system, the awakening of nations around the world and has become an irresistible trend of the rise, the national civilization is manifest themselves. For any non- biases, this highlights a very important development because there would be no difference. to save and promote the diversity of civilizations in the world is lucky, lucky human. For example in the development of Western culture, whether in Africa music in contemporary popular music of the Japanese painting of Van Gogh, Monet's influence, the Chinese architectural style of ancient buildings in Europe are fully explain the impact of hh the development of contemporary European art world really benefit from our cultural differences that still exist. British philosopher Bertrand Russell long ago: the exchange between different cultures in the past has been repeatedly proven to be a milestone in the development of human civilization. Greek study in Egypt, Rome from Greece, the Arab reference to the Roman Empire, medieval Europe and imitation of Arabia, and art follow the example of Renaissance Europe, the Byzantine Empire hh short, different cultures, different civilizations and even opposition, often lead to inspiration and creativity of people, leading to innovation. there is no difference, there is no competition, there will be no progress.
Of course, the emphasis on political, cultural nationalism is not too conservative, overweening. There is no absolute perfect thing for any political system, cultural patterns have some dregs of things; even in the time, one place is an advanced and reasonable things, With the evolution of the times and society may also become negative, decadent things. Therefore, in world politics, culture, competitive process, open, change and innovation are necessary whenever.
not be overlooked is the modern world political and cultural nationalization, diversity is under the influence and two threats: first, center of various civilizations are still visible and invisible to the suppression of other civilizations and threaten coexistence of diverse civilizations and development so that the diversity of civilization of the increasingly weakened, leading to human politics, cultural resources irretrievably lost, this will inevitably lead to suppression of civilization clash of civilizations, and even war. Currently, the most threatening of the most important centers of the West. Western politics, culture some people by virtue of its powerful economic and military power, always stubbornly adhere to the Western civilization is superior, it contains the most reasonable values, behavior and ways of thinking should be most popular around the world; even openly to maintain some Western political careerists and culture under the guise of unification, the national political system, cultural model on others. Of course, not only the Western Center on, and on any other kind of center to attempt to replace the Western Center on historical trends are contrary and harmful in the world development of civilization. For example, someone attempted to use to replace some non-Western classical Western classical, and the results will not solve the past political and cultural hegemony of the problem, but is the mode of discourse over the last Western Center on the continuous replication and a new hegemony appears. Second, the political, cultural relativism, or the threat of isolationism. relativism to recognize and protect the different political systems, cultural patterns exist, against the right and wrong with their own criteria to judge another culture, which may lead to conservative closed and exclusive: only emphasized the superiority of the civilization, to the neglect of the possible defects; only to emphasize that this civilization, development, even within civilizations and then pressing the novelty, change a positive factor, leading to the stagnation of civilization, or even decline. fully agree with the political, cultural relativism, denying some of the common cultural values of mankind, it will inevitably lead to tolerate some who bring great harm to human beings the negative political and cultural phenomena. political, and cultural relativism developed to the extreme, is one of the consequences of closed, isolated, backward isolationism.
In short, globalization era, we see a multinational technology in addition to picture, beyond the national boundaries of the media picture, greater international cultural exchange opportunities, we should also see the so-called tension between particularism is likely to persist. at least in the foreseeable future, politics, culture, especially its core values as the national character differences, certainly is the world's exchanges that can not be omitted or some of the factors.
Fourth, the status of the nation-state era of globalization the process of globalization
universalism and particularism tensions on the status of the nation-state formation of the focus.
not be denied that globalization movement, highlighting the spirit of human culture the overall spirit, that is, human consciousness, such as the emphasis on human survival, development and awareness of basic human rights of freedom, pointed out: one is the class of biological existence, not only because people regard the practice and theory of his own class mm class, and other objects as their object class mm; and because mm is only of the same thing in another way mm as the existing one to their own, to treat the class of life, because people put their freedom as a universal and therefore also the existence of material to be treated. only in the community, individuals can obtain the means to fully develop their talents, but also That is, only the middle of the community may have individual freedom. globalization broke through the traditional culture limited to the narrow vision of national and state, so people really as all is globalization, not a single region, country to independently solve the face, such as atmosphere, oceans, ecology crisis, and not a single region, the country's development with other regions and countries not linked to the development. This is We started in Thailand in 1997 the Asian financial crisis, will be able to get clear enough understanding. globalization requires people to think, from a global perspective to look at, especially when conducting foreign relations, it requires more people to and more attention to ethnic relations, the relationship between regional interests and national coordination.
Marx pointed out that the essence of capitalism is to destroy the nation-state boundaries, transcending national particularity, and its development trend is to rule the world. bourgeoisie Unless expanding the scope of commodity production and sales, and constantly open up new supply of raw materials and commodities sales market, otherwise difficult to survive, to grow. the production of social, commercial driving bourgeois around, settle everywhere, looking for the lowest cost way to maximize profits; large-scale industrial development, the rapid improvement of production tools, transport facilities, the East Indian and Chinese markets, the colonization of the Americas, the colonial trade, etc. so that the and seclusion, the isolation of each other in all previous national, and interdependence between countries have become each other a whole, ; scope of activities of the various interactions in the development process, the more we expand the original closed state of the nation as increasingly sophisticated methods of production, communication, and communication and natural result of the formation of the division of labor between the different ethnic groups is the elimination of the more thorough history the more world history. countries have been drawn into a unified world economic system.
capitalist industrial expansion of exchanges between countries, between the close of the interdependence of nation-state relations, thus era. the unity and unification of the national tariff. On the contrary, the nation-state is a Marxist analysis of the basic unit of international relations.
today's globalization process, is the status of the nation-state has posed a severe challenge. the nation-state and the nation-state sovereignty is the main cross-border activities, the opportunity to be their power, policy orientation, identity and dug the foundation for the network. with the relative, diverse, vertical and horizontal linkages. before the nation and society as a geographically isolated from each other with a boundary organization and living units, the basic idea is that the structure keeps crashing. that is the global : the nation-state and national breakdown of social units, one unit of the nation-state, main nation-state activities, the other is the main cross-border activities, transnational identity, transnational social spaces, transnational situation and the development process, between the formation of new balance of power, the new competition, new conflict and inter-related. Wallenstein, represented by the , and that day also is its destruction, because it will lose room for development of capitalism; to replace this system is still a world structure, the socialist world government. Of course, this idea of cause criticism of many people. For example, Giddens re-affirmed the role of the nation-state: We must recognize not only by the world system of international economic linkages and interdependence between countries, shaped by relations, but also by the global state system by the national m Construction, both of which are not in any full of about one another. That is, as important as national systems and the world system.
Baker has put forward the ; world community refers to the sum of all social relations, it will not be integrated in a nation-state politics, will not be dominated by a nation-state. also pointed out that: as preconditions. , but can not pursue the to points from the areas of social life, with economic globalization, political globalization, cultural globalization and so on; and from the implementation or operation of the main global point of view, the only nation-state (government is the legal representative), rather than may be the ...
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